Questions On Counseling And Psychological Association...

Running head: COUNSELLING SCENARIO ONE 2 Counselling Ethics Scenario One Alanna Sampson Yorkville University For the purpose of this paper, I will analyze an ethics-based issue and make reference to ethical codes/standards and legislation. I will explain how I would respond to the ethical dilemma by using an ethical decision making model. Martin, Shepard and Lehr (2015) outline the Canadian Counseling and Psychological Association ethical decision-making process in their ethics-based issues and cases. I have chosen to address this scenario according to the six steps in the decision-making process. Step 1: What are the key ethical issues in this situation? (Martin et al., 2015, p. 539) Duty to report legislation aims to protect children and reduce the impacts of neglect and abuse. Walters (1995) states that the ?actual behavior of reporting must be carefully managed in order that it maintain the ethical principles outlined in the C.P.A. Code of Ethics? (p. 179). The client in reference to her father has disclosed child abuse. Regardless of Sally?s wishes to wait until her father moves out, the family will remain at risk while in contact with the abusive family member. It is essential that a call to a caseworker be made while being mindful of the relationship with Sally and attempts to salvage it. What complicates the relationship is that the therapist has only met with this client once before, and has not discussed any of the limits of confidentialityShow MoreRelatedThe American Counseling Association ( Aca ) Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Counseling Association (ACA) developed the code of ethics with six principles in mind that they thought were the foundation for ethical behavior and decision making: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity and veracity (American Counseling Association, 2014). This lead to the six different purposes for the code of ethics. First, it sets ethical obligations and ethical guidance for professional counselors (American Counseling Association, 2014). Second, it recognizesRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma Exists When An Individual Is Deciding1307 Words   |  6 PagesAn ethical dilemma exists when an individual is deciding between two right choices. No dilemma exists if one choice is wrong. What framework guides these decisions? Is the moral value common to all those involved in the decision making process? The commonly accepted virtues of Plato, Socrates, St. Augustine and many other philosophers are honesty, responsibility, respect, fairness and compassion. The expression of these virtues in beliefs guides one’s behavior. In the counseling professionRead MoreCounseling Minors: The Legal Rights of Minors1780 Words   |  7 PagesThe following essay summarizes prescriptions for counselors in the following factors: counseling minors, legal rights of the minors, the rights of the parents, release of records, confidentiality, and reporting suspected abuse or neglect. The ACA and NBCC websites will be accessed for primary material and this will be substantiated by secondary sources. Counseling minors: the legal rights of the minors The minor, according to law, is considered so below the age of 18 since this is the age whenRead MoreEthics And The Ethical Standards Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethical Standards were set up to implement direct rules for conduct as a psychologist. Most of the Ethical Standards were composed extensively to apply against psychologists in an assortment of roles, even though the utilization of an Ethical Standard may differ which is contingent upon the unique situation. The Ethical Standards are not exhaustive. The fact that a given conduct is not specifically addressed by the Ethics Code does not mean that it is necessarily either moral or untrustworthyRead MoreCase Study : Ethical Decision Making2110 Words   |  9 Pages Module 1 Assignment 3: Case Study: Ethical Decision Making April Culberson Argosy University Module 1 Assignment 3 Summarized the behavior you consider unethical and unprofessional in the case study. Substantiated the analysis with reasons After reading the case study, it becomes apparent the many questionable behaviors Joe commits while counseling Jill. First is his reaction towards Jill’s confession concerning sexual confusion about being attracted to other women. Joe’s expression (shockedRead MorePsychological Assessment And Ethics Of Forensic Psychology1675 Words   |  7 Pages Psychological Assessment and Ethics Debra Deering FO611 Ethics and Professional Issues in Forensic Psychology Professor Cathy Donnell February 8, 2015 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. Information to be included in this paper will detail why this psychological assessment is used, how it is administered ethically, how it is scored, why it is unique, what precautions need to be taken to assure its ethical use, and any ethical concernsRead MoreEthics: Nursing and Abortion1645 Words   |  7 Pageswhy they hold certain views. Nurses need to be clear about why they believe as they do, and they must arrive at a point of view in a rational and logical manner. To assist nurses in this task, the ethical issues surrounding abortion are enumerated and clarified. To better off explain research on this ethical topic I’m going to further explain my research on my findings on both points of view and balanced both sides so you can get a better understanding. For those of you whose doesn’t know what anRead MoreEthical Case Study : Caught2576 Words   |  11 PagesEthical Case Study: Caught in the Middle Not a single counselor or therapist can honestly say that he or she has gone unscathed when it comes to being faced with an ethical dilemma. At some point in the counselor’s career, he or she will be faced with a dilemma. So, the question is not if, but when the counselor is faced with an ethical dilemma, how will he or she address it? It is very important that resources such as colleagues, codes of ethics, rules and regulations and state laws are readilyRead MoreGroup Counseling1524 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: Growing Trends in Group Counseling Growing Trends in Group Counseling: Ethical and Technological Issues that Effect Vocational Rehabilitation Term Paper By Diadra McGraw 546 Group Counseling Dr. B. Canfield February 26, 2008 Abstract This paper explores the different ways in which group counseling can be used for the purpose of Vocational Rehabilitation. It also gives detailed information of how technology can be used in group counseling during Vocational RehabilitationRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Playing Both a Therapeutic and a Forensic Role: the Difference3154 Words   |  13 PagesThe Ethical Dilemma of Playing both a Therapeutic and a Forensic Role: The difference Amal Long-Labaar Argosy University Professional amp; Ethical Issues in Forensic Psych FP6500 Dr. Andria Hernandez April 20, 2013 Abstract There are specific differences between forensic psychologists and counseling psychologists/therapists. Not just the obvious differences such as the forensic psychologist being retained by the courts, prosecution, or defense, and the counseling psychologist performing

Economic Causes Of The American Revolution - 1115 Words

The American Revolution involved different countries against Great Britain. Economic problems and political disagreements occurred throughout the fight. Debt from the past war and laws that forced ideas and rules upon the colonists angered them. Although the American Revolution had both acts of politics and economics, the war was more of an act of economics than politics. The American Revolution began, before the battles had even started. A lot lead to the revolution, and the economic problems were the main reason. In 1651, the English Parliament passed the Navigation acts which told the colonists that any product not produced by England itself (cotton, tobacco, and sugar) were to be shipped from the colonies only to England.†¦show more content†¦Even though Great Britain tends directly to involve North America in European Wars, such as the seven years war or French and Indian War, it has allowed other nations to befriend the American colonies against Great Britain who has e nemies surrounding them. Thomas Paine believed that rebellion was in order, and it was only good judgment in practical matters to revolt against the mother country, to gain independence. Before Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act was a law that placed a tax on all printed paper they used. Ship’s papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, playing cards, sermons, and other publications were taxed. Each taxed item had a small stamp placed on them signifying that taxes had been placed on them. Benjamin Franklin told the English Parliament that the colonies are taxed heavily to support the civil and military establishments of the country, and to discharge the heavy debt contracted in the recent war. Benjamin Franklin told Parliament there is not enough gold and silver to pay the stamp duty for even a year. Benjamin Franklin tried to explain how the colonies raised, and paid for the seven years’ and French and India n War, spending millions on the military and equipment. Franklin stood his ground and spoke his mind while talking to Parliament about theShow MoreRelatedPolitical, Social, and Economic Causes of the American Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pages It is easy to interpret the American Revolution simply as a struggle for freedom. The magnanimous phrases of the Declaration of Independence have embedded in our hearts and minds glorious images of the Founding Fathers fighting for the natural rights of man. The American Revolution, however, also had a darker side to it, the side of self-interest and profit. The signers of the Declaration represented various classes – the working class, the wealthy land owners and merchants, the intellectuals, andRead MoreEssay about The American Revolution: An Economic Movement706 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolution modeled the path taken by a social and economic movement in many more aspects than that of a political and intellectual move ment. Even though political reasons existed for the cause the Revolution, the revolution should be considered an economic movement based on the idea of â€Å"no taxation without representation.† The colonists believed that the British rule in the colonies was extremely unfair, but these intellectual causes are greatly outnumbered by economic causes such asRead MoreWhat Factors During The Colonial Period Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesto American colonists declaring independence from the British Empire? Be sure to discuss the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the American Revolution. PROVISIONAL HYPOTHESIS: The structure of America revolution to address a various issue, which has great impact on America It, was the procedure where the thirteen colonies of North America became independent of Great Britain also then formed a new integrated government. The major reasons of America revolution are cultural, economic andRead MoreFrench Revolution754 Words   |  4 PagesFrench Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of kingRead MoreEssay on Causes of the American Revolution612 Words   |  3 Pages From 1763, Americans had only to be convinced tha t an arbitrary ruler- whether Parliament or King-was violating their inherent rights, to feel that rebellion was justified. This conviction was bred in them by the series of events that occurred between 1763 and 1776. The language used to protest the British Acts was legal, and political. But the primary cause of the Revolution was economics. In theory the colonists accepted the principle that natural laws rather than royal decreesRead MoreThe French Revolution Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, executionRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1184 Words   |  5 PagesA revolution is not an event that comes around every few years. In fact, for an event to be considered a revolution that event must bring about significant political, social, ideological, religious or even technological change. Throughout history there have been some very noteworthy revolutions such as the Agricultural Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution. Of all the revolutions in history, it is perhaps the French Revolution that remains the most romanticized in the mindsRead MoreEssay on Causes of the American Revolution548 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolution was a dramatic change in the political, social, and economic system of New England. It was not a bloody revolution; on the contrary it is unique because it was not as violence as other revolutions we know (French, Russia and China). The American Revolution had many causes. Long-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an independent nation with representative political institutions. More immediately, the French andRead MoreConventional View of the American Revolution1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe causes of American Revolution Many historians believe that there are mainly economical and political reasons behind the American Revolution. The tyrannical and foreign British rulers pave the way for the Americans to rise. If we go through history of revolution, we would come to know that there were mainly thirteen colonies, showing resentment. These thirteen colonies were between South Carolina and Maine. These colonies were originally established for trade and prestige. The other coloniesRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the tree

Diseses Essay Example For Students

Diseses Essay Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The progress, severity and specific symptoms of the disease can not be predicted; symptoms may range from tingling and numbness to paralysis and blindness. MS is a devastating disease because people live with its unpredictable physical and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. MS is a well-known disease, but poorly understood. In the United States there are approximately 200 new cases diagnosed each week; MS is a common disease and not always caused by genetics. Therefore, I feel we all need to have a better understanding of this disease that has no cure yet. I hope to make MS more understanding in my paper. In my paper I will explain what MS is, who gets MS, what MS has to do with the metabolism, some new techniques being used to pinpoint genetic factors, what some of the symptoms of MS is, and some treatments for MS. Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disabling illness that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (Bernard). Under normal conditions these nerve cells are surrounded by an insulating sheath made of fatty myelin, which speeds the passage of nerve impulses. In MS, this myelin sheath is inflamed or damaged, disrupting nerve impulses and leaving areas of scarring (sclerosis). The disruption of nerve signals within the brain and spinal cord causes a variety of symptoms that may affect vision, sensation, and body movements. ?These symptoms usually wax and wane through a series of relapses (episodes when symptoms suddenly get worse) alternating with remissions (periods of recovery, when symptoms improve).? (Brunnscheiler) For many patients, a long history of MS attacks over several decades leads to slowly progressing disability, but for others the disability is more rapid and severe. MS is a life-long chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young adults who have a virtually normal life expectancy. Consequently, the economic, social, and medical costs associated with the disease are significant. Estimates place the annual costs of MS in the United States in excess of $2.5 billion. (Melvin) No one knows exactly how many people have MS. It is believed that, currently, there are approximately 250,000 to 350,000 people in the United States with MS diagnosed by a physician. (Boyden) This estimate suggests that approximately 200 new cases are diagnosed each week. Also, MS is the most common nerve disease to develop in young persons after birth, and it affects over 1 million young adults worldwide. ?Close relatives of a person with MS are 8 times more likely than average to develop the disease themselves, and children of a person with MS run 30 to 50 times the average risk.? (Waxman) Most people experience their first symptoms of MS between the ages of 20 and 40, but a diagnosis is often delayed. This is due to both the transitory nature of the disease and the lack of a specific diagnostic testspecific symptoms and changes in the brain must develop before the diagnosis is confirmed. (Health Central) Although scientists have documented cases of MS in young children and elderly adults, symptoms rarely begin before age 15 or after age 60. Whites are more than twice as likely as other races to develop MS. In general, women are affected at almost twice the rate of men; however, among patients who develop the symptoms of MS at a later age, the gender ratio is more balanced. (Waxman) To understand what is happening when a person has MS, it is first necessary to know a little about how the healthy immune system works. The immune system a complex network of specialized cells and organs defends the body against attacks by foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It does this by seeking out and destroying the interlopers as they enter the body. Substances capable of triggering an immune response are called antigens. (Hofmann) ?The immune system displays both enormous diversity and extraordinary specificity.? (Hofmann) It can recognize millions of distinctive foreign molecules and produce its own molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each of them. In order to have room for enough cells to match the millions of possible foreign invaders, the immune system stores just a few cells for each specific antigen. When an antigen appears, those few specifically matched cells are stimulated to multiply into a full-scale army. Later, to prevent this army from overexpanding, powerful mechanisms to suppress the immune response come into play. T-cells, so named because they are processed in the thymus, appear to play a particularly important role in MS. They travel widely and continuously throughout the body patrolling for foreign invaders. In order to recognize and respond to each specific antigen, each T cells surface carries special receptor molecules for particular antigens. T cells contribute to the bodys defenses in two major ways. ?Regulatory T cells help orchestrate the elaborate immune system. ? ( Kaser) For instance, they assist other cells to make antibodies, proteins programmed to match one specific antigen much as a key matches a lock. Antibodies typically interact with circulating antigens, such as bacteria, but are unable to penetrate living cells. Chief among the regulatory T cells are those known as helper (or inducer) cells. ?Helper T cells are essential for activating the bodys defenses against foreign substances. ? (Kaser) Yet another subset of regulatory T cells acts to turn off, or suppress, various immune system cells when their job is done. Killer T cells, on the other hand, directly attack diseased or damaged body cells by binding to them and bombarding them with lethal chemicals called cytokines. ( Kaser) Since T cells can attack cells directly, they must be able to discriminate between self cells (those of the body) and nonself cells (foreign invaders). To enable the immune system to distinguish the self, each body cell carries identifying molecules on its surface. T cells likely to react against the self are usually eliminated before leaving the thymus; the remaining T cells recognize the molecular markers and coexist peaceably with body tissues in a state of self-tolerance. ?In autoimmune diseases such as MS, the detente between the immune system and the body is disrupted when the immune system seems to wrongly identify self as nonself and declares war on the part of the body (myelin) it no longer recognizes.? (Hauser) Through intensive research efforts, scientists are unraveling the complex secrets of the malfunctioning immune system of patients with MS. Components of myelin such as myelin basic protein have been the focus of much research because, when injected into laboratory animals, they can precipitate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a chronic relapsing brain and spinal cord disease that resembles MS. The injected myelin probably stimulates the immune system to produce anti-myelin T cells that attack the animals own myelin. (Leuven) Investigators are also looking for abnormalities or malfunctions in the blood/brain barrier, a protective membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is possible that, in MS, components of the immune system get through the barrier and cause nervous system damage. ?Scientists have studied a number of infectious agents (such as viruses) that have been suspected of causing MS, but have been unable to implicate any one particular agent. ? (Mayo Clinic) Viral infections are usually accompanied by inflammation and the production of gamma interferon, a naturally occurring body chemical that has been shown to worsen the clinical course of MS. It is possible that the immune response to viral infections may themselves precipitate an MS attack. ?The genes a person inherits may help determine whether that person is at increased risk for developing MS.? ( Melvin) While there is evidence from studies that this genetic component exists, it appears to be only one factor among several. Most likely an individuals genetic blueprint ultimately determines if that individual will be susceptible to a triggering factor, which in turn initiates the autoimmune process that leads to the development of MS. In the past few years, scientists have developed a set of tools that gives them the ability to pinpoint the genetic factors that make a person susceptible to MS. ?These tools are the methods of molecular genetics?techniques used to isolate and determine the chemical structure of genes.? (Colin) In the 1980s, scientists began to apply the tools of molecular genetics to human diseases caused by defects in single genes. This work led to major advances in understanding diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis. The situation for diseases such as multiple sclerosis is more complicated. Scientists now believe that a person is susceptible to multiple sclerosis only if he or she inherits an unlucky combination of several genes. (Colin) Advances in molecular genetics and the identification of large families in which several members have MS?multiplex MS families?have made possible research to uncover MS susceptibility genes. economic Essay (Lambert) ?There is as yet no cure for MS. Many patients do well with no therapy at all, especially since many medications have serious side effects and some carry significant risks.? (Health Central) Naturally occurring or spontaneous remissions make it difficult to determine therapeutic effects of experimental treatments; however, the emerging evidence that MRIs can chart the development of lesions is already helping scientists evaluate new therapies. Until recently, the principal medications physicians used to treat MS were steroids possessing anti-inflammatory properties; these include adrenocorticotropic hormone (better known as ACTH), prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, and dexamethasone. Studies suggest that intravenous methylprednisolone may be superior to the more traditional intravenous ACTH for patients experiencing acute relapses; no strong evidence exists to support the use of these drugs to treat progressive forms of MS. Also, there is some indication that steroids may be more appropriate for people with movement, rather than sensory, symptoms. (Mayo Clinic) While steroids do not affect the course of MS over time, they can reduce the duration and severity of attacks in some patients. The mechanism behind this effect is not known; one study suggests the medications work by restoring the effectiveness of the blood/brain barrier. ?Because steroids can produce numerous adverse side effects (acne, weight gain, seizures, psychosis), they are not recommended for long-term use.? (Bernard) One of the most promising MS research areas involves naturally occurring antiviral proteins known as interferons. Two forms of beta interferon (Avonex and Betaseron) have now been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of relapsing-remitting MS. A third form (Rebif) is marketed in Europe. Beta interferon has been shown to reduce the number of exacerbations and may slow the progression of physical disability. When attacks do occur, they tend to be shorter and less severe. In addition, MRI scans suggest that beta interferon can decrease myelin destruction. (Mayo Clinic) Investigators speculate that the effects of beta interferon may be due to the drugs ability to correct an MS-related deficiency of certain white blood cells that suppress the immune system and/or its ability to inhibit gamma interferon, a substance believed to be involved in MS attacks. Alpha interferon is also being studied as a possible treatment for MS. (Mayo Clinic) ?Common side effects of interferons include fever, chills, sweating, muscle aches, fatigue, depression, and injection site reactions.? (Health Central) Scientists continue their extensive efforts to create new and better therapies for MS. Goals of therapy are threefold: to improve recovery from attacks, to prevent or lessen the number of relapses, and to halt disease progression. In conclusion, MS is a disease that is well known but poorly understood by the medical and nursing community as well as the general public. It has no known cure and the genes that are accountable for it have yet been pin pointed. The United States is capable of finding a cure for this disease; over the years, medical researchers have found cures for many diseases that were thought incurable. Not only time and money are needed to find a cure for this disease, but faith and heart are needed to realize the importance Glossary antibodies proteins made by the immune system that bind to structures (antigens) they recognize as foreign to the body. antigen a structure foreign to the body, such as a virus. The body usually responds to antigens by producing antibodies. ataxia a condition in which the muscles fail to function in a coordinated manner. autoimmune disease a disease in which the bodys defense system malfunctions and attacks a part of the body itself rather than foreign matter. blood/brain barrier a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. cerebrospinal fluid the colorless liquid, consisting partially of substances filtered from blood and partially by secretions released by brain cells, that circulates around and through the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Physicians use a variety of testselectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, and radioimmunoassayto study cerebrospinal fluid for abnormalities often associated with MS. cytokines powerful chemical substances secreted by T cells. Cytokines are an important factor in the production of inflammation and show promise as treatments for MS. demyelination damage caused to myelin by recurrent attacks of inflammation. Demyelination ultimately results in nervous system scars, called plaques, which interrupt communications between the nerves and the rest of the body. experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) a chronic brain and spinal cord disease similar to MS which is induced by injecting myelin basic protein into laboratory animals. fatigue tiredness that may accompany activity or may persist even without exertion. gadolinium a chemical compound given during MRI scans that helps distinguish new lesions from old. human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) antigens, tolerated by the body, that correspond to genes that govern immune responses. Also known as major histocompatibility complex. immunoglobulin G (IgG) an antibody-containing substance produced by human plasma cells in diseased central nervous system plaques. Levels of IgG are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of most MS patients. immunosuppression suppression of immune system functions. Many medications under investigation for the treatment of MS are immunosuppressants. interferons cytokines belonging to a family of antiviral proteins that occur naturally in the body. Gamma interferon is produced by immune system cells, enhances T-cell recognition of antigens, and causes worsening of MS symptoms. Alpha and beta interferon probably exert a suppressive effect on the immune system and may be beneficial in the treatment of MS. lesion an abnormal change in the structure of an organ due to disease or injury. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a non-invasive scanning technique that enables investigators to see and track MS lesions as they evolve. myelin a fatty covering insulating nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord, myelin facilitates the smooth, high-speed transmission of electrochemical messages between these components of the central nervous system and the rest of the body. In MS, myelin is damaged through a process known as demyelination, which results in distorted or blocked signals. myelin basic protein (MBP) a major component of myelin. When myelin breakdown occurs (as in MS), MBP can often be found in abnormally high levels in the patients cerebrospinal fluid. When injected into laboratory animals, MBP induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a chronic brain and spinal cord disease similar to MS. oligodendrocytes cells that make and maintain myelin. optic neuritis an inflammatory disorder of the optic nerve that usually occurs in only one eye and causes visual loss and sometimes blindness. It is generally temporary. paresthesias abnormal sensations such as numbness, prickling, or pins and needles. plaques patchy areas of inflammation and demyelination typical of MS, plaques disrupt or block nerve signals that would normally pass through the regions affected by the plaques. receptor a protein on a cells surface that allows the cell to identify antigens. retrobulbar neuritis an inflammatory disorder of the optic nerve that is usually temporary. It causes rapid loss of vision and may cause pain upon moving the eye. spasticity involuntary muscle contractions leading to spasms and stiffness or rigidity. In MS, this condition primarily affects the lower limbs. T cells immune system cells that develop in the thymus gland. Findings suggest that T cells are implicated in myelin destruction. transverse myelitis an acute spinal cord disorder causing sudden low back pain and muscle weakness and abnormal sensory sensations in the lower extremities. Transverse myelitis often remits spontaneously; however, severe or long-lasting cases may lead to permanent disability. white matter nerve fibers that are the site of MS lesions and underlie the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Bibliography Bibliography Bernard, Bobby. ?Multiple Sclerosis Continues to Puzzle Scientists.? The Vermillion March 1998. Brunnscheiler, H. ?Problems Associated with MS? (July 28, 1999) ?Inteli Health? http://www.intelihealth.com/ (28 July 1999). Boyden, Kathleen M. ?Compolmer-1 in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.? Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 5 October 1998. Waxman, Stephen. ?Demyelinating Diseases New Pathological Insights, New Therapeutic Targets.? New England Journal of Medicine 29 Jan. 1998, Vol. 338, No. 5, 323-327. Health Central ?General Information about Multiple Sclerosis? (July 16, 1999) Hofmann, Robert. ? Multiple Sclerosis? American Journal of Human Genetics June 1998, 62:492-495 Kaser, Arthur. ?Inter Science Essays

Lantern Festival and Rice Ball

Introduction The Lantern festival that is also known as Shangyuan Festival. A celebration takes place on the 15th of the first month in the Chinese lunar calendar. The festival is celebrated to mark the first full moon night in the lunar year and it symbolizes the return of spring. The festival brings together family members. During the festival the people light up fancy lanterns and eat rice balls to mark the celebrations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lantern Festival and Rice Ball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The celebration is very colorful as the people enjoy family reunions and the return of full moon. There are various activities during the festival however, the most important event during the Lantern festival is watching the lanterns and eating rice balls. Rice balls The main food eaten at the Lantern festival is the rice ball. In North China the rice balls are called Yuanxiao while in the South the y are called Tangyuan. The rice balls have been eaten by the Chinese people for a long time from the time of the Han and Song dynasties. The rice balls are made from rice flour and can have other ingredients added too. For instance, sugar, nut lets, sesame, walnuts and meat are used to stuff the rice balls. The ingredients are sweetened because they symbolize happy futures for the people. Significance of the rice balls The rice balls are shaped into round shapes or ball shapes hence their name. they are made round in the shape of the full moon. They are made from rice flour, which is stuffed with various fillings. There are different ways of making the rice balls, which differ with regions and the fillings, used. hus, some rice balls have fillings while others do not furthermore different cooking methods are used such as frying, boiling or steaming and each of the cooking methods used gives the rice balls unique tastes. Eating rice balls is an essential part of the Lantern festival. The rice balls are made in round shapes, which symbolize happiness, reunion and harmony. Family members gather to eat the rice balls on the night of the celebration as they appreciate the full moon (Simonds, Swartz and Children’s Museum of Boston 27). During the making of the rice balls, the women involved in the process engage in positive talk and good things. They did so to ensure that â€Å"only good luck would go into making the balls and anyone who ate them would have prosperity† (Podhaski 107). Stories associated with the lantern festival Moreover, the rice balls are an essential component of the Lantern festival because they are the reason why the fire goddess spared the city of Chang’an. The city had a minister called Dongfang Shuo who was an extra ordinary man and could foretell the future. His subjects admired him greatly. He predicted that the city would be destroyed on the sixteenth day of the first lunar month through a terrible fire. Being an extr a ordinary man, he devised a plan to try to save his city from destruction.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the set day, the fire goddess arrived on a donkey back to accomplish her mission as per the orders of the Jade Emperor. Dongfang had sent old men to persuade the Fire goddess to change her mind but even though she was touched by the wailings of the old men, she could not go against her Emperor. However, she gave copies of the order to the Emperor so that he could try to save the city. The emperor consulted Dongfang who suggested that they prepare rice balls as he had heard that the fire goddess loved the sweet rice powder. He suggested that everyone prepare the rice balls, light lanterns throughout the city, and prays for the salvation of the city. Moreover, fireworks were to be lit so that they could fool the Jade Emperor that the city had been set on fire. People made rice balls lit lanterns and fireworks as the courts maid, Yuan Xiao who was very good in making rice balls made some very sweet ones for the fire goddess. She presented the rice balls personally to the fire goddess who loved them very much. The fire goddess rewarded Yuan Xiao by reuniting her with her long lost family. The Jade emperor saw the fireworks and he was pleased to see that his orders had been obeyed. It was a successful conclusion for the city of Chang’an as it was saved (Simonds et al 27). The other story associated with the lantern festival was that it originated from the worship of Buddha. Buddhism flourished during the Han dynasty 206 BC and 220 BC in china, emperor Mingdi gave an order that lanterns were to be lit in order to show respect for the Buddha during the 15th day of the first month in the lunar calendar, and hence the lantern festival was born. Moreover, Buddha was believed to have the ability to dispel darkness. The other legend regarding the lanter n festival involves Taoism. Tainguan a Taoist god is associated with good luck and has his birthday on the 15th of the first lunar month. The people would celebrate his birthday with all sorts of entertainment because he loved entertainment and during the celebrations, the people would pray to be awarded with good fortune (Lantern Festival 1). Lanterns The lanterns have evolved over turn in terms of their shape and materials used to make them. Earlier there were silk lanterns, sheepskin lanterns and orange lanterns. Today there are sophisticated lanterns with the advancement in technology. The lanterns are made into various shapes such as animal shapes such as rabbits and dragon some of the lanterns are electronically powered. The lanterns are inscribed with messages of god will. The lanterns are also used for riddle games in which papers with riddles are hung on the lanterns and people take turns to try to solve the riddles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on La ntern Festival and Rice Ball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Significance of the lanterns The lanterns are lit to guide the ancestors’ spirits to come home and later go back to the beyond after the celebrations are over. During the festival ordinary people would be invited to come and watch the display of fireworks and lanterns. The period of the festival was also a holiday hence people could enjoy coming together without worrying about going to work. Children who dress up and go around singing and dancing carry the lanterns. They also take the lanterns made by their parents to school to their teachers who lights the candle inside the lanterns. Lighting the candle in the lanterns is very important as it symbolizes that the students will shine in their studies just as the lanterns shine (Roy 243). Conclusion Finally, the lantern festival has continued to grow in leaps and bounds since its inception thousands of years ago. The f estival is popular with the Chinese people living in china and those abroad. The festival displays the Chinese tradition and culture, as people get busy with festivities during the day. Works Cited Lantern Festival. n.d. Web. http://en.people.cn/features/festivals/yuanxiaoR.htm Podhaski, Anna. White Jade: A Novel. Indiana: iUniverse, 2010. Roy, Christian. Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia, Volume 2. California: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Simonds, Nina, Leslie Swartz, Children’s Museum of Boston. Moonbeams, dumplings   dragon boats: a treasury of Chinese holiday tales, activities recipes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Lantern Festival and Rice Ball was written and submitted by user Corban R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

L 18 - Presentation Skills (1) Essays - Attitude Change, Free Essays

L 18 - Presentation Skills (1) Essays - Attitude Change, Free Essays L 18 - Presentation Skills (1) In academic culture, you need to express your views clearly on different issues relating to your subject area. These views are often based on a critical reading and evaluation of written texts. It is also important that you develop the language skills that will enable you to express your ideas most effectively. Preparing and planning a presentation There are a number of different situations in which you will need to communicate orally in English in your academic courses. The main situations are presentations, seminars and discussions. In some cases, you will give a short presentation about a topic in order to lead into a discussion. In other cases, you will present information or a summary of a text. In future situations, you may be giving a presentation based on your own work or research. Below is a list of suggestions you may find helpful. Stage 1: Find out what you need to do Make sure you know exactly what the topic is or, if you are choosing your own topic, what is expected of you. Check how long you have for the presentation. Think about your audience. How much are they likely to know about the topic? How much will you need to explain? If the presentation is being assessed, make sure you know what the criteria are. 491241730416500 Stage 2: Brainstorm ideas Task 1 - Arrange the following sentences in the correct order. ________ ________ ________ ________ Explain your ideas to a friend - this will help you to clarify them. Look at your list of ideas - what connections can you see between them? Are there particular ideas you could develop that would be of interest to your audience? Decide which ideas to use. Can each one be summarized in one sentence? If not, perhaps your ideas are not dear and specific enough. Make a list of anything you can think of related to your topic; you will not use all of these ideas, but will choose from them later. Stage 3: Do any necessary research Determine if there are any ideas about which you need to get more information. Gather any evidence you need to support your ideas, e.g., statistics. Think about how much information you can realistically convey to your audience. Keep your audience in mind, especially in relation to their level of relevant expertise. Stage 4: Organize your ideas Decide which point you should begin with. Think about how you can link one idea to the next. Do not include too much information - you want your audience to understand your key points clearly. Decide how you will begin and end your presentation. In the introduction you want to get the attention of the audience. The conclusion is the last part of your presentation, and probably what the audience will most remember. Prepare your PowerPoint slides or other visual aids. Remember: less is more '. Think of the key words you will use and check your pronunciation - there is nothing worse than listening to a presentation in which the presenter pronounces the title of the presentation incorrectly! Task 2 You are going to watch a youtube video entitled " What is a good academic presentation? " by ELC, PolyU . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ze3IiHsHuIA Take notes while you are watching and then complete the following blanks. Academic presentations What is the main difference between academic and secondary school presentations? Academic presentations include r_______________, which means you need to cite r_______________. Academic Style In academic style, you need to show authority and to establish that what you are talking about is r_______________, c_______________ and v_______________. Reference List You should choose references that are r_______________ and that also s_______________ your arguments p_______________. What are the two ways to cite your references? provide the reference in the s_______________ cite it o_______________ / v_______________, e.g. as John Chan points out in his article in 2010 Structure A good structure enables the a_______________ to follow the c_______________ very c_______________. Make sure each section of your presentation is o_______________ properly. What is Signposting? it is the outline at the beginning. it gives direction to where the presentation is leading. it is the use of citations.

Cost Management in Air Asia Essays

Cost Management in Air Asia Essays Cost Management in Air Asia Essay Cost Management in Air Asia Essay 1. 0INTRODUCTION Background, History and the Business Concept AirAsia is a brand of airlines operated by AirAsia Berhad. A Malaysian based low-fare company. AirAsia established in 1993 and start the operations on 18 November 1996 (Wikipedia, 2011) Inspired by the success of Ryanair and EasyJet as low cost carrier, Toni Fernandes saw the potential of having the same concept in Asia. Air Asia executed the cost leadership strategy with introduced ticketless travelling, one type cabin, free seating, and online booking trough internet that able slash the price into 40% 60% cheaper than regular airlines (Declanegan, 2012) Now Everyone Can Fly† described AirAsia’s value. Operational effectiveness and cost advantages created efficiency go directly to end user. Customer enjoy more surplus with price falls, and encourage more air travel among Malaysians (Khoo et all, 2005) The study purpose is to analyse how AirAsia and its strategic cost management able to operate a business in low cost yet generate a profit, and able to sustain as one of the business leader in South East Asia. 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1What is Strategic Cost Management Cost management is a process where entities have control, monitor and manage their own cost and expenses. It covers the whole budget of the business, inflow and outflow of cash and transactions in every certain of period. This is for the entity to keep track of their business transaction, and also to estimate budgets for the future. While strategic cost management is the overall recognition of the cost relationships among the activities in the value chain, and the process of managing those cost relationships to a firm’s advantage and also known as Cost Management Theory1. 2. 2The importance of strategic cost management to the company Strategic Cost Management is one of the key business strategic planning. Dr Kalyani Srinivas C defined strategic cost management as a tool for competitive advantage and value creation that does not focus on traditional cost reduction, which entails unnecessary cost elimination. Meaney K, 2011 mentioned that cost management has purpose to ensure adequate supply of funds from the right source at the right cost, at the right time to the firm to meet its funding needs. At this point each company want to improve the profit as maximum without losing the business principle. Strategic management can be considered as one of the strategic management technique for the company to succeed in their business. 2. 3Key success factor to have good cost management in a company To have a good cost management, a company need to set a proper goal, long and short term planning. Clear target and align accountability to the target (Delloitte, 2010). Create a guide of principle was one of the critical factors of strategic cost-management-framework for the firm of foundation to achieve an effective cost management. 3. 0STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT FOR AIR ASIA 3. The background of Strategic Management for Air Asia (related to the concept of the business Chan, D (2000) mentioned since 1970, Asian air travel competition has been intense. The intensity has increase very significant with economic growth in Japan, China and South East Asia. When the competition in the airlines industry become hard, complex, and uneven, AirAsia need to think strategically to win the market yet able to generate profit for shareholder. With â€Å"Now Everybody Can Fly† as its tag line, AirAsia try hard to make the ticket price as low as possible to make the cost of flight affordable to lmost everybody. AirAsia also expand the fly route to most of point where Malaysia Airlines (MAS) refuse to fly. The concept of Low Cost Carrier (LCC) is based on the idea that people would fly a lot more often if they get an affordable fare. LCC make air travel the most simple, convenient and inexpensive form of transportation so that they can move maximum number of passenger at the minimum cost (DodDid, 2012) 3. 2How Air Asia Manage their cost Air Asia has several main strategies to keep the price low while price of fuel and goods keep increased. According to the official website, Air Asia managed to cut more cost in operation where regular airlines unable to do, such as : High Aircraft Utilization Air Asia only need 25 minutes to disembark and embarked passenger, include load and unload the luggage, compare to full-services-aircraft (FSC) which need minimum one hour. The minimize time spent on the ground, make Air Asia able to fly almost 12 block hours to maximise the operations. No Frills Air Asia based on the basic concept of transportation : carry passenger from point A to point B safely. Every other services like food, alcoholic beverage, and comfort kit are considered luxury and out of the main concept. Streamline Operations Air Asia make the operation as simple as possible. They only use single type of aircraft to make services persons (flight attendants, mechanic, pilot and services crews) only need to learn one type of aircraft. Compare with another airlines which has several type or aircraft, the company has to created one training department where and several maintenance and mechanic specialist according the aircraft type. Air Asia able to delete those department in the company which save a lot of cost. Basic Amenities Air Asia fly from Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) with very basic building and facilities. No special boarding gate like FSC which landed and picked up passenger from KLIA. In other country, Air Asia always landed at less busy Airport (Secondary Airport) such as Clark (Manila, Philipine instead of Ninoy Aquino) and Standstead (London, UK instead of Heathrow) to reduce tax airport for passenger. Point to point network Air Asia operate on short-haul most of the time, also do not make arrangement with another airlines or provide connecting flight to keep the operation simple and low cost. Air Asia believed with keep the operation system simple and based on basic concept of transportation would keep the cost and ticket price low enough yet still generate profit to keep the investor stay. Fig 1. Revenue per ASK, Cost per ASK and Cost per ASK exclude fuel From the fig. 1 we could see averagely for five years Available Seat Kilometre (ASK) cost without fuel is USD 0. 016 (1. cents) per kilometre seat, which is very low compared with MAS (USD 0. 07 ~ 7 cents) or Cathay Pacific (USD 0. 10 ~ 10 cents) (fig 2) while Operating cost included the fuel charges averagely USD 0. 0328 (3. 28 cents) every seat, every kilometres operated. Average from 5 years data, Air Asia operating cost around 80% from the total revenue, except in 2009 where operating cost reach 112% ( fig 3) which make the company suffer 17% loss or equal with RM -496 Million as the result of company unwinding the remaining fuel hedges and interest rates loan which taking a lot of charges. Fuel hedges had been main strategies of a big company which use large amount of oil and gas to operate their business such as manufactured and transportation. Fuel Hedges mean Air Asia has special contract with several oil and gas company to give a fix price of fuel for several period without follow any fuel fluctuation and politic situation. With Hedging the fuel, Air Asia able to press the fuel surcharge only 17% from average fuel surcharge (Unknown, 2011) theborneopost. com/2011/05/27/airasia-reduces-risk-through-fuel-hed ging/ With opening in several international destination such as Singapore, Bangladesh and India, Air Asia able to came up with clean sheet for the following years. Air Asia able to generate net profit 16% from the total revenue without change the ticket price. Average for five years, Air Asia able to generate 30% of net profit. (Karp, 2009) routesonline. com/news/24/atw/13066/airasia-suffers-128-million-2008-loss/ Profit margin is the way to compare in the net profit ratio in different entities to check the effectiveness each expenditures to generate profit. For the same line of industries, profit margin is important to compare with competitor to overtake them via pricing wars which always become a main success factor of Air Asia to gain more customers. According to Center for Aviation 2011 (CAPA) net profit margin from 2001 to forecast 2012 average are 4% from the net revenue. (CAPA, 2011) centreforaviation. com/analysis/iata-upgrades-2011-airline-industry-profit-forecast-but-warns-of-weaker-2012-59153 Air Asia in five fiscal years able to gain operates profit margin averagely 16% and nett profit margin average 19% from the net sales. It shows that on aviation industries, Air Asia consider as efficient compared with other low cost airlines company Cebu Pacific 9%, Nok Airways 6%, Tiger Airways 14% , MAS 5%, Singapore Airlines 3%, Thai Airways 9%. (CAPA, 2012) centreforaviation. com/analysis/mas-should-reconsider-lcc-strategy-as-losses-continue-while-airasia-reports-more-leading-profits-74652 Return on Shareholder Equity or ROE measures a corporations profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested . 4. 0RECOMMENDATIONS Compared with other aviation industries, Air Asia has big success to press the cost to keep try flight fare as low as possible. However the low fare price still able to generate profit with accumulation of sales volume and the effectiveness of aircraft operation which make the company still very attractive to investor and shareholder. 5. 0REFERENCES Chan, D. 2000. â€Å"Airwars in Asia: Competitive and Collaborative Strategic and Tactics in Action. â€Å"Emerald Management and Development, 19:473-488. Declanegan, 2012. AirAsia. http://declanegan. blogspot. com/2012/01/few-people-said-they-enjoyed-my-post-on. html Doddid, 2012. Business Model Low Cost Carrier Air Asia. http://doddid. com /2012/04/business-model-low-cost-carrier-air-asia/ Khoo, C. Hofman, S. Tjitrarahardja, C. Narayaswamy, R. 2005. Air Asia Strategic IT Initiative. University of Melbourne. Meaney, K. 2011, Importance of Cost Management for Business Success. On Website http://ezinearticles. com/? Importance-of-Cost-Management-for-Business-Success=5692129 ventureline. com/accounting-glossary/S/strategic-cost-management-definition/ deloitte. com/assets/Dcom-Ireland/Local%20Assets/Documents/ie_Consulting_ChangingYourTune. pdf

Bentonite Processing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bentonite Processing - Assignment Example Drying operation reduces the moisture content in bentonite rock to the required percentage. Different driers can be used in the moisture reduction. Drying effectively vaporizes the liquid level contain in the rocks. The vaporization is achieved through heat supply to the wet bentonite rock feedstock. The heat from the burner is supplied either through convention, radiation or conduction. The convection method is applied when direct driers are used while conduction method is applied when contact or indirect dryers are used. Most of the driers use hot air as the drying medium. This moisture removal process is an energy-intensive operation since the amount of latent heat of vaporization required is depended on the intensity of the heating (Gillson & Bances,   87).Drying curve  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A representation curve is required so as to describe the various drying properties for different product at different specific temperature, pressure and velocit y conditions. The drying curve for bentonite rock has three different phases. These phases are useful in the energy saving process and are independent. The products are passed through these phases in shifts. After passing from one phase, the product is moved to the next phase.First phase  Ã‚  This phase is also called initial period. In this phase, there is transfer of heat from the dryer to the products and the contained moisture. Inlet condition from the dryer heats up the products and this condition further enable subsequent processes to occur. This phase can be substituted by pre-processing. Pre-processing is achieved through preheating the bentonite rock with energy from the waste material. The amount of energy from the waste material would be able to cause dislodgement of moisture contents from the bentonite surface. Second phase This phase is also called constant rate period. In this phase, free moisture attaches themselves on the surfaces. Alteration of the rate of evaporation reduces the moisture content. In this period, high drying rates are achieved through increase in the temperature of the inlet air. This phase accords the product with very little temperature increase. However, this little temperature increase is enough to cause some kinetic energy rise within the rock particles. Third phase This phase is also known as the falling rate period. Intrinsically attached moisture evaporates from the product. The product drying rate is limited by the outer surface. The outer surface provides a barrier that prevents successive evaporation rate. The evaporated moisture would be accumulated within the dryer. Moisture content The drying process employed is control by the moisture content of the bentonite rock. The dryer in this case is required to reduce the moisture content from 11% to 4%. The exact moisture content required is measured by the electrical resistance meter. However, this meter is limited to moisture content in grains, woods, food and